john adams book critique essays

john adams book scrutinize expositions McCullough, David (2001). John Adams. Simon and Schuster. John Adams was a fascinating point of view toward the life of John Adams. It showed his life in a most noteworthy manner that gives the peruser a genuine record of John Adams life and preliminaries he needed to defeat to make the United States what it is today. In understanding this, we comprehend about the hindrances our front dads needed to transcend just as the results they defeated for their opportunity. Being destined to a rich mother and a Deacon father on October 30, 1735 at his familys ranch in Braintree, Massachusetts. Adams took to perusing and composing right off the bat throughout everyday life. He recorded day by day everything that occurred in a diary, which wound up being in excess of a four-volume collection of memoirs. He adored his familys ranch in Braintree, and visited there regularly as a grown-up. Harvard College was the place Adams joined in and it took quite a long while to choose what vocation he needed to follow. He decided to turn into an instructor in Worcester directly after he graduated. Adams before long discovered that the educators life was not the life for him. His new position put him around numerous compelling individuals that convinced him to contemplate law. After Adams was admitted to the Suffolk County Bar, he thought of himself as a reasonable and insightful legal counselor. Boston was sinking into disobedience by the 1760s. The British Parliament started to pass charges expected for the French and Indian War. The book discussed a progression of measures taken to make an undeniably threatening condition in the Massachusetts port city. It appeared that individuals relied upon Adams and his capacity to draft their objections much after he safeguarded the soldiers that started shooting in the Boston Massacre. Adams was chosen for serve at the First Continental Congress. Its nothing unexpected that he intrigued his individual agents. He selected George Washington to order another Continental Army. Adams went abroad to pick up coalition with France and requested help... <!

Congress Study Guide Essay

1.What is the oddity with respect to Congress and popular feeling? Congress is considered by numerous individuals to be the system’s broken branch. It has most likely been the object of progressively mass open doubt and more world class change recommendations than either the administration or the government legal executive joined. This is valid albeit most officeholder individuals ordinarily win re-appointment and congress has reliably extended projects and received strategies that most residents favor. 2. How does the book portray divided polarization in Congress? What is the clarification for why Congress today appears to be more energized than it bite the dust up until the 1970s? The book portrays fanatic polarization as a vote in which a lion's share of casting a ballot democrats contradict a greater part of casting a ballot republicans. Congress today appears to be more spellbound than it was up until the 1970s as a result of social issues, for example, premature birth. D emocrats will in general be increasingly liberal and republicans progressively traditionalist. 3. Sum up the contrasts among Congress and a parliament and how these key contrasts impact the character of the U.S. Congress.What were the fundamental issues in the improvement of the Senate and how were these issues settled? Ensure that you comprehend what these terms allude to: delay, cloture, Rule 22. An individual turns into a contender for delegate or representative in the U.S. Congress by running in an essential political decision. With the exception of in a couple of spots, ideological groups practice little command over the decision over who is selected to pursue congressional position. Voters select up-and-comers in the primaries in light of their characters, positions on issues, or generally speaking notoriety. Parliament will in general be comprised of individuals faithful to the national party issues. A congress will in general be comprised of individuals who consider themselves autonomous delegates of their regions who hope to cast a ballot with respect to their own constituents. Delay: The utilization of the Senate’s convention of boundless discussion as a deferring strategy to obstruct a bill. Cloture: closes of the conversation on a bill.Rule 22: discussion might be shut of on a bill if 16 legislators sign an appeal mentioning it and if, following two days have passed, three-fifths of the whole enrollment vote in favor of cloture. 4)Why is Congress a decentralized organization and for what reason is Congress definitely disagreeable with voters. Individuals from Congress are increasingly worried about their own constituents and vocations than with the interests of any composed gathering or program ofâ action. Congress doesn’t pick the president, they realize that stressing over the voters they speak to is substantially more significant than agonizing over whether the president prevail with his projects. Congress must stress over how voters feel, it’s unavoidable that on questionable issues that Congress will take part in unlimited contentions, stress over intrigue gatherings, and work out trade off choices. 5) Read through the six periods of the House of Representatives with the goal that you are clear about the standards changes and the level of influence between the Speaker and panel executives. Quickly sum up stages five-six. (It isn't significant for you to gain proficiency with the name of individual Speakers aside from Newt Gingrich †except if you need to be a history major or test bowl virtuoso.) Phase 1-the incredible house †1789-1820-under Washington’s organization the house was more remarkable than the Senate, yet at the same time offered an explanation to Washington’s cupboard. Stage 2-The Divided House-1820-1890-Jackson stated his control over the house. Sectional pressures paving the way to the common war the House was again isolated between Radical Republicans and Moderates and various assessments on Reconstruction. Stage 3-The Speaker rules-1890-1910 GOP Thomas Reed, Speaker of the House acquired the ability to name chairpersons. He chooses what bu siness would come up for vote. Stage 4-The House Revolts-1910-1911 Cannon replaces Reed as the Speaker however the House rebels against him. The Speaker can no longer name advisory group chairpersons or serve on the guidelines board of trustees. The forces were given to Party Caucus. Stage 5 - The Members Rule-1911-1965-Democrats assume responsibility for the House. Chairpersons shielded social liberties from occurring. Inevitably, the council revolted. Stage 6 - The Leadership Returns-1965-Present. Newt Gingrich takes influence once again from the House and offers it to himself as a speaker. Despite the fact that decided on by Party Caucus, he overwhelmed decisions of the board executive. 6) How has the history and structure of the Senate implied that it would be not quite the same as the House of Representatives? The Framers decided to make a bicameral legislatureâ€with a House of Representatives, to be chosen legitimately by the individuals, and a Senate, comprising of two individuals from each state, to be picked by the assemblies of each state. In spite of the fact that all â€Å"legislative powers† were to be vested in Congress, those forces would be imparted to the president, restricted to powers unequivocally gave on the government, and subject to the intensity of the Supreme Court to pronounce demonstrations of Congress illegal. 7) What were the primary issues in the advancement of the Senate and how were these issues settled? Ensure that you comprehend what these terms allude to: delay, cloture, Rule 22. The bigger increasingly crowded states needed a senate dependent on populace. Obviously the littler states questioned on the grounds that they would have been seriously dwarfed. So the two sides traded off and made the House of Representatives (by populace) and the Senate (everybody has 2 delegates) together these two bodies make up. Ben Franklin concocted the thought for Senate as a methods for fulfilling the little states. Delay: The utilization of the Senate’s custom of boundless discussion as a postponing strategy to hinder a bill. Cloture: closes of the conversation on a bill.Rule 22: discussion might be shut of on a bill if 16 representatives sign an appeal mentioning it and if, following two days have slipped by, 3/5 of the whole participation vote in favor of cloture. 8)Summarize the focuses that Edmund Burke made in his discourse to the Bristol Electors about the duties of an agent to his constituents. He fundamentally said that a delegate ought to have decision making ability and ought to be conciliatory to his constituents. He ought to likewise regard the assessments of his constituents and to consistently tune in to the people’s issues. 9) Briefly sum up the patterns in the sex and race of individuals from Congress. The House has become less male and less white since the 1950s. The Senate has been more slow to change. What's more, Republican control of the two houses before the midterm appointment of 2006 had decreased minority impact. Be that as it may, the ongoing movement of control of the two chambers to the Democrats brought about African Americans and Hispanics turning out to be chairpersons of a few significant advisory groups. 10) Why have increasingly congressional areas gotten more secure for officeholder re-appointment? Officeholders, with help and benefits of their status, (for example, franking benefits) have created approaches to make themselves well known by: utilizing the broad communications, showing up with constituents, and sending pamphlets, and so on. These endeavors have made an ever increasing number of congressional regions become more secure for occupant re-appointment. 11) What are the potential clarifications for why the Democrats ruled Congress from 1933-1994? Democrats will in general overwhelm Congress. This is for the most part since Democrats will in general improve in low-turnout areas, while the Republicans do well in high-turnout regions. The upsides of incumbency turned out to be increasingly articulated during when Democrats controlled the Congress. Democrats generallyâ have progressively experienced congressional applicants, have all the more firmly reflected locale level vot ers’ rights approach inclinations, and have had the option to form winning,district-level alliances from among national Democratic voting public. Democrats were the larger part party in Congress when this occurred. The counter occupant state of mind, combined with the impacts of redistricting after the 1990 registration and the move of the South to the Republican party, acquired the Republicans into power the House and Senate in the 1994 decisions. In the past the Democratic party was more profoundly partitioned than the Republicans, as a result of the nearness in Congress of preservationist Democrats from the South. Frequently these southern Democrats would cast a ballot with Republicans, in this way framing a preservationist alliance 12)Why has Congress gotten all the more ideologically divided since the 1980s? It has gotten more enraptured than voters as far as political convictions. One aftereffect of this polarization is that individuals from Congress, particularly those in the House, don't get along just as they once did with individuals who can't help contradicting them, and they are bound to challenge each other 13) Summarize the three hypotheses of how individuals from Congress carry o n. There are three hypotheses about how individuals from Congress carry on: illustrative, hierarchical, and attitudinal. The illustrative clarification depends on the suspicion that individuals need to be reappointed, and consequently they vote to satisfy constituents. The authoritative clarification depends on the supposition that since constituents don't have a clue how their official has casted a ballot, it isn't critical to satisfy them. Be that as it may, it is imperative to satisfy individual individuals from Congress, whose altruism is significant in completing things and in obtaining status and force in Congress. The attitudinal clarification depends on the suspicion that there are such huge numbers of clashing weights on individuals from Congress that they counterbalance one another, leaving them for all intents and purposes allowed to decide based on their own convictions. 14.Define malapportionment and manipulating. From the online article on Gerrymandering 101, sum up what Minority Gerrymandering and pressing are. Malapportionment-drawing the limits of political areas with the goal that regions are exceptionally inconsistent in populace. Manipulating attracting the limits of political locale b

Apply for Thomas R. Pickering Foreign Affairs Graduate Foreign Affairs Fellowships COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Apply for Thomas R. Pickering Foreign Affairs Graduate Foreign Affairs Fellowships COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Students  can  apply online now for the  2014 Thomas R. Pickering Foreign Affairs Graduate Foreign Affairs Fellowships competition! The Pickering Fellowships help talented students     highly motivated and academically excellent college juniors and graduating seniors or college graduates who want to pursue a Foreign Service career in the U.S. Department of State. We invite you to share this information with individuals who may be interested in either the Pickering Foreign Affairs Fellowship (for undergraduate students) or the Pickering Graduate Foreign Affairs Fellowship (for graduate  students). The programs provide: Up to $40,000 annually for academic expenses, covering the last year of undergraduate study and first year of graduate study (Undergraduate Fellowship); or the first and second year of graduate study (Graduate Fellowship) Two paid State Department summer internships (domestic and abroad) Professional development through workshops and informational seminars Mentoring by U.S. Foreign Service Officers Eligibility requirements at the time of application: Undergraduate applicants: college junior or equivalent Graduate applicants: entering a two-year terminal masters degree program in the fall of the Fellowship year Minimum undergraduate GPA of 3.2 (4.0 scale) United States citizenship Undergraduate Fellowship Application deadline:   January 24, 2014 Recommendations deadline: January 31, 2014 Graduate Fellowship Application deadline: February 7, 2014 Recommendations deadline: February 14, 2014 Funded by the U.S. Department of State,  the Pickering  Programs  honor Career Ambassador Thomas R. Pickering, one of the countrys most respected Foreign Service Officers. The goal of the programs is to attract outstanding students from all ethnic and social backgrounds who are dedicated to representing Americas interests abroad. Women, members of minority groups historically underrepresented in the Foreign Service, and students with financial need are encouraged to apply to one of the two programs. The Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation, which administers the Pickering Fellowships, identifies and develops leaders and institutions to meet the nations most critical challenges.

Philosophy of Special Education Essay - 1222 Words

Philosophy of Special Education Marchelle Mitchell EDU 535 February 4, 2015 Valerie Klaus Philosophy of Special Education The purpose of schooling is to help our special education students to be functional and independent in the real world. I want them to learn how to deal with real life situations and to be able to understand and adapt to the changes it may bring. For example, being an autism teacher of high school students, my philosophy is different than of an autism teacher of elementary students. The most important thing of concern for the older students is to make sure they are as independent as possible and teach them some type of job skill to help them acquire a pay check to help with their care. I also help them have an†¦show more content†¦The students will also learn functional math to teach the student how to use paper money. The IEP team decides what goals to set and how the student shall accomplish the goals by setting quarterly benchmarks that are obtainable by the time the team meets again at the annual IEP. When the students are in high school you want them to learn how to do s mall jobs such as; vacuuming, cleaning tables and chairs, being able to sort mail with a letter sorter, shredding, rolling plastic ware, and even filling salt and pepper shakers so they could do some type of work at various places. There are various instructional methods I will use within my classroom. I have been trained by Cleveland Clinic Children’s Autism Development Solutions incorporates ABA as well as using task analysis techniques to help make the student successful in what you are trying to teach them. The process starts off small but then as they master the smaller steps, they increase to larger steps and can become longer within the activity to show increased task duration. This helps the student become ready to perform certain jobs they may like. I would also have a behavior plan in place for each student so when they have their behaviors then there is a step by step plan to help myself and whoever comes in contact with the student to knowShow MoreRelatedSpecial Education Philosophy Paper2449 Words   |  10 PagesDescribe own special educational philosophy in terms of its metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic. My Philosophy of Special Education is that special education is teaching children who have special needs, which can interfere with their learning abilities. I believe special education compared to general education is merely an extension of services in helping all children learn. Learning is a process through which we increase our knowledge as a result of the experiences in our lives. WeRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy Of Special Education878 Words   |  4 PagesThis is a Summary about my personal Philosophy of Special Education. I will be giving my thoughts on the Purpose of schooling, Nature of Learners, Curriculum, Instructional Methods, Classroom management, Assessment practices and Professional relationships with family and community. Purpose of Schooling Special education has been a very important topic through the years since the beginning of the education program in the United States because of its philosophy on inclusion and educating individualsRead MorePersonal Philosophy About Special Education1959 Words   |  8 Pages Part One: Personal philosophy about Special Education The amount of people who live with disabilities is a controversial number. Depending on what law and diagnostic tools used, a person may have a visible disability, or one that may lie beneath the surface of his or her appearance. Some people believe that the term â€Å"disability† is merely a label use to hold back, or prescribe helplessness. Meanwhile, individuals who have been properly diagnosed with disabilities struggle to maintain respect andRead MoreMission Statement And Philosophy Of Special Education6049 Words   |  25 Pages Table of Contents Preface 2 Mission Statement Philosophy 3 Classroom Environment 4 Signage Seating Classroom Interruptions 7 Management Strategies 8 Classroom Behavioral Instructional Techniques 11 Preface Before we begin exploring the nuances and best practices in Special Education, I wanted to first welcome you and introduce myself. My name is Alyssa Mastrocco, and I am an administrator in the Polaris family of schoolsRead MoreMy Personal Philosophy of Special Education Essay1034 Words   |  5 PagesMy personal philosophy of special education drives not from teaching in the field, but from, observations, and personal experience, and the workshops I attended. I have had the opportunity to work with individuals with special needs in many different settings, all this help cultivate my knowledge in handling the needs of the special needed student. Special needs students have the ability to learn, to function, to grow, and most importantly to succeed. The difference comes into how they learn orRead MoreBecoming A Teacher Is Charged With The Responsibility Of Imparting Knowledge And Skills864 Words   |  4 Pageshistory, CTE teachers bore the responsibility of teaching and preparing students to meet the demands of the labor market (Wang, 2011). My teaching philosophy is aimed at improving teaching and learning methods to allow for acquiring of skills that will give the students a competitive edge in the labor market and ensure job sustainability. My philosophy is in accordance with the concepts defined in the historical context of CTE teachers. Currently, preparing the students to meet the demands of theRead More My Philosophy of Teaching Essay1400 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy of Education Education is something that every person should be given the chance to attain. It is vital for all people young, old, mentally impaired, ADHD, or whatever characteristic they may encompass. I believe everyone has the right to learn and be taught in an school environment. The law passed in 1975, P.L. 94-142, made numerous changes in the way certain children with special needs was being treated in the public school system. With the update in 1991, IDEA (IndividualsRead MoreEssay on My Philosophy of Education733 Words   |  3 PagesPhilosophy of Education Jean-Paul Sartre said, â€Å"Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself† (Myra, David, 402). According to him, personality is made by him/herself according to environment, religion, or society and everyone has a different belief and idea such as how they want to behave toward others or what I want to be on their own through their experience or life. Everyone has his or her own belief, philosophy, and dream but also I have my own concept. My philosophy of education revolvesRead MoreThe Ethics Of Special Education1062 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Ethics of Special Education, Howe and Miramontes (2014) outline pressing issues facing special education and provide a framework for discussing ethical challenges. The authors present case studies around personal, institutional, and policy issues. Each case includes analyses and explanation by Howe and Miramontes that provide the reader with a more comprehensive understanding of the ethical issues. The intent of Howe and Miramo ntes (2014) is to raise the level of thinking about ethicalRead MoreGeneral And Special Education Teachers Face Today1260 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many issues that general and special education teachers face today. The goal of both of these types of teachers should be that they try their best to make their students succeed. Teaching can be very difficult and people that are passionate about it should do it. However, many general and special education teachers face many challenges throughout their teaching careers that make teaching difficult for them. One issue that teachers lack today is lack of proper coaching from school staff

Madness, Madness And Philosophy, By Herman Melville

Every literary text continues to communicate with madness. Through the use of Shoshanna Felman’s â€Å"Madness and Philosophy,† we will explore the nature of madness as seen in Herman Melville’s short story â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener.† Felman argues that madness arises when there is conflict of the thought. She says: Reason and madness are inextricably linked; madness is essentially a phenomenon of thought, of thought which claims to denounce, in another’s thought, the other of thought: that which thought is not. Madness can only occur within a world of conflict, within a conflict of thoughts. The question of madness is nothing less than the question of thought itself: the question of madness, in other words, is that which turns the essence of thought, precisely into a question. To further understand this claim, we must understand what Felman means by â€Å"madness.† â€Å"Madness† could mean one of three things: First, madness is literal in that a psychological affliction is expressed physically; second, madness could be a state of mind where thoughts are cloudy and the thought process is ridden with external factors that are uncontrolled by a person; and third, madness is a mixture of the afore mentioned cases. Consequently, to understand madness, we must understand reason. Reason, the entity that drives all human interactions, has created madness by radically dividing reason and non-reason and qualifying anything that is not reason to be madness. Ironically however, it is the sameShow MoreRelatedSymbolism and Americanism within Melvilles Moby Dick Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagesimmigrants and whaling within America. In Moby-Dick Herman Melville examines both the exploitation of whaling and the reality of being born outside of America. Distinctly American in style Melville writes as though through a stream of his consciousness # which primarily serves to offer Melvilles own meditations upon America. Ahab himself is the embodiment of the desire to explore and conquer, taming both man, beast and nature. An idea that Melville felt epitomised the American attitude. IshmaelRead MoreBilly Budd And Invisible Man Essay1440 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many ways to interpret a book, one can read it as a character’s adventure, a conflict of ideas or emotions, or a story. For myself, I read the books, Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison and Billy Budd, Sailor by Herman Melville, in an ironic sense; and while doing this, I noticed that both books showed an intuitive sense of sociology. Furthermore, what mattered most by reading the books ironically is that it is easy to see the outcome of a situation which is pleasing to be conscious of. It isRead More Moby Dick Essay4651 Words   |  19 Pagesand power of the emoti ons and the intellect. The novel praises and critiques the American society in sharp and unequivocal terms, while, at the same time, mirroring this mixed society through the â€Å"multinational crew of...the Pequod† (Shaw 61). Melville, through his elaborate construction of the novel, â€Å"makes the American landscape a place for epic conquest† (Lyons 462). The primary draw of this novel is the story itself: a whaling ship, headed by a monomaniac, and the pursuit of a whale, or theRead More An Analysis of Hawthorne’s My Kinsman, Major Molineux Essay3946 Words   |  16 Pagesof industrialization displaced previous Republican ideologies that valued the community (Matthews 5). Instead, the market became the principal societal system. Significantly, the major agent driving this system was the individual. Thus, a new philosophy of liberal individualism was born that honored the rights and independence of the individual man. It maintained that the individua l’s â€Å"drive for success† would naturally contribute to the overall good of the community (5). Indeed, â€Å"setting free

Summary and critique of Stanley Milgram Free Essays

The experiment on â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience† was conducted by Stanley Milgram in July 1961. It was barely three months after Adolf Eichmann had been tried over the criminal activities committed during the Nazi war. The research was designed to address the questions about the peoples who were the masterminds of the infamous Nazi torturing ordeal that were responsible for the deaths of millions of the innocent people. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary and critique of Stanley Milgram or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was intended to find out the people who would prefer to be submissive to the authority at the expense of human life. The experiment also sought to measure the willingness of individuals to obey an authority figure who instructs them to do certain things that are against their personal conscience. The question that the researchers were asking was, â€Å"Could it be that Eichmann and his million accomplices in the Holocaust were just following orders? Could we call them all accomplices?† The hypothesis was that there was likelihood that that during the Nazi war it might have been that Adolf Eichmann and his accomplices were just being submissive to the orders from higher authority (against their will) to murder the innocent people. The research question was very instrumental in helping to unveil how one can alter another person’s behavior, beliefs and mind-set. Before giving the results of the experiment the researcher predicted that only a negligible number of the participants would obey the orders and persist on to administer maximum shock. The range was 0 – 3%. That meant that out of 100 participants only 3 would administer the 450 volt shock. Method The people who participate in the experiment (subjects) were drawn from different social status background within New Haven area. They comprised people from a wide range occupation with characteristic characters include clerical officers, teachers, salespersons, engineers and drudges. The group was a representative of all educational levels; from elementary school to doctorate and other professional degrees and aged between 20 – 50 years in their right state of mind (Milgram, S., 1963). The dependable variable in this experiment was the maximum shock that the subject, S, was willing to administer to the victim L up to that point when he resist to follow the instructions given to him by the experimenter. The independent variables were the learner (an experimental confederate) and the experimenter’s orders. There were two participants in each case. They were; a naà ¯ve subject who played the role of a â€Å"teacher† and was provided with a 450 volt electric shock generator and the second one a confederate who played the role of a â€Å"learner.† The task of the â€Å"teacher† was to read to the â€Å"learner† a list of word pairs. The â€Å"learner† on the other hand was to respond correctly to these pairs of words by pressing the button as an indicator of his response. In case of a wrong answer the â€Å"teacher† was to administer an electric shock to the â€Å"learner†. For each subsequent wrong answer, the â€Å"teacher† would increase the voltage. Even though the subject believed that the learner was receiving the actual shock, the learner, being in a separate room, sets up a tape recorder which had been incorporated to the electric shock generator. This tape played sounds which had been pre-recorded to march each shock level. The presupposed victim (â€Å"learner†) would start to bang the wall separating him from the subject at given numbers of voltage increase. He would continue banging on the wall and complaining of heart condition until all the responses from him ceased. The data collected was based on how much electric shock the subjects were willing to inflict on the victim. This was to indicate their level of obedience and to see their willingness to obey the orders; if it they were doing it deliberately or did it against their will. Results Eventually it was discovered that out of the 40 participants 14 subjects showed explicit signs of nervous laughter and smiling which were inapt and weird. Three of the subjects developed irrepressible convulsions. According to the results obtained, it is evident that while responding to the demands prompted by the appraisals, 40 themes exceed the projected break-off point. None of them administered the electric shock below 300 volts, a point when the victim starts to kick the wall and provided no answers to the teacher’s questions. 5 of them stops at the 300 volt level; 4 of them proceeds to 315 volt level; 2 breaks of at 330 volt level; 3 others drop off at 345, 360 and 375 volts respectively. These 14 subjects were defiant to the experimenter’s instructions. They were recurrently in a frantic and enraged condition. However 26 of the 40 subjects were obedient enough to proceed on to punish the victim till they attain the shock of 450 volts. But they do this against their will. They could be observed to be in consternation once the experiment was brought to a halt. Discussion The results obtained imply that there are people who, despite receiving orders from authority, would choose to defy and stick to what they believe is morally acceptable. In this case the 14 subjects held this belief and would not inflict pain on another person against his/her will. It was however observed that some people would choose to act against their conscience and submit to authority even if what they are ordered to do is against moral principles. This what the 26 subjects did; despite expressing some signs of displeasure in shocking an innocent person, they still go on to obey the commands to the end. This implies that obedience to authority can cause harmless and non-hostile individuals to turn inhuman. The results seems to be in contrast to those predicted in the questionnaire where only 3 out of 100 respondents said they would proceed to administer electric shock to their victim up to the most maximum and risky shock of 450 volts. In this case however, the figure was surprisingly high; 26 out of 40. It had also been expected that a subjected would basically terminate or proceed as dictated by his conscience. However the subjects exhibited tension and emotional strain in their response to the commands. Critique The experiment was well conducted and its objective was attained. The volunteers were got through a New Have (Connecticut) daily newspaper advert and direct mail to some informing them take part in the study of reminiscence as well as the learning designate conducted in a laboratory at Yale University. The real purpose of the experiment was hidden from the subjects until the experiment was over; they knew that the experiment was a study of memory and learning yet it was about study of obedience to authority. Another thing was that the entire volunteers were to play the role of the teacher while that of the student was played by an experimental confederate. In addition, the generator that the teacher used was just but of 45 volts sample shock with the generator not wired to shock the learner. Lastly, the kicking of the wall by the learner, screams and his rejection to proceed and the commands/orders of the experimenter to the teacher were all skillfully fabricated. These indicate the researchers’ thoroughness in the design of the experiment to answer their specific research question. Most importantly, at the end of the experiment subjects underwent some procedures to assist them go back to normal well being. The researchers did not however deal with any feasible alternative explanation for their results. This might be attributes to the fact that they expected the subjects to show some level of obedience. Also, the subjects might have been expected to act accordingly and participate fully to make the research successfully bearing in mind that the real objective of the experiment was hidden from them. It should be stated here that there are some people who will not, at any cost, accept to administer any level of electric shock to another person. The research was also not well represented in terms of gender or the researchers did not specify the sex of the participants. This raises the question about the criteria that was used in selecting the subjects. But all in all the experiment was quite essential as it the positive and the negative nature of human beings. Reference: Milgram. S. (1969); Study on behavioral obedience, Journal of Abnormal and social psychology; 371-378. http://www.wadsworth.com/psychology_d/templates/student_resources/0155060678_rathus/ps/index.html How to cite Summary and critique of Stanley Milgram, Essay examples

Analysis of Ainsworth Game Technology Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Ainsworth Game Technology. Answer: Analytical Procedures An Understanding Of Entitys Performance Analytical review has been conducted by following the ratio analysis of the company financial statements for the last three years and then of the competitor Ainsworth Game Technology. In order to facilitate the more comparability, the ratios of industry have also been identified. The ratios under the major four heads have been calculated and mentioned Liquidity ratio, profitability ratio, long term solvency ratio and market strength ratio. In order to start with the companys ratio analysis, the debtors turnover ratio has been increasing on year on year basis from 2.54 in the year 2014 to 4.92 in the year of 2016. It indicates that the company has either started making the sales in cash to the customers or has increased the efficiency in collection of the revenue from the customers of the company. The competitor has earned 2.40 as debtors turnover ratio which means that the company is more efficient in doing the business and when the same is compared to the industry where 8.50 is the benchmark, the efficiency of the company is lower (Drake, 2010, Delen, 2013). The second ratio is the net profit margin. The company has earned the net profit margin of negative 1.96 in the year of 2014, 11.78 in the year of 2015 and 16.47 in the year of 2016. It depicts that the company has increased its growth significantly. The competitor of the company has earned 19.51 as net profit margin which indicates that although the competitor is not efficiently managing its debtors but has been able to earn the high net profit margins at the end of the year. When the ratio of net profit margin of the company and competitor is compared with the industry then it is observed that both the companies have exceeded the level of the industry and is generating higher net profit margins (Delen, 2013, PCAOB, 2017). The third measure that has been considered is the earnings per share. The company has disclosed and earned the 20.6 per share in the year of 2014, 24.8 in the year of 2015 and 55.10 in the year of 2016. The company has been able to perform very well in the three years and have been able to achieve the higher earnings per share almost more than double of previous year. The competitor has earned the 16 per share. When these figures are compared with the industry then it is shown that the company under consideration has performed very well in relation to the providing the maximum return to the shareholder of the company (Company Official Website, 2016; Company Official Website,2015; Company Official Website2014) STATEMENT SHOWING THE RATIO ANALYSIS ($ millions) S. No. PARTICULARS 2016 2015 2014 Competitor Industry ( Ainsworth Game technology 2016) (As per Investing .com) 1 Liquidity Ratios a Current Assets 875.1 898.5 701.5 208.1 Less Current Liabilities 549.2 442.4 371.7 47.8 Working Capital 325.9 456.1 329.8 160.3 b Current Ratio 1.59 2.03 1.89 4.35 1.59 c Debtors 432.9 441.9 328.4 118.8 Revenue 2128.7 1582.4 833.7 285.5 Debtors Turnover Ratio 4.92 3.58 2.54 2.40 8.5 d Assets 2987.7 3218.7 1112.7 435.9 Revenue 2128.7 1582.4 833.7 285.5 Assets Turnover Ratio 0.71 0.49 0.75 0.65 0.53 e Stock 124.3 102.2 75.8 55.7 Revenue 2128.7 1582.4 833.7 285.5 Stock Turnover Ratio 17.13 15.48 11.00 5.13 76.25 2 Profitability Ratios a Net Profit 350.5 186.4 -16.3 55.7 Revenue 2128.7 1582.4 833.7 285.5 Net Profit Margin 16.47 11.78 -1.96 19.51 11.07 b Gross Profit 1256.0 903.3 457.8 171.7 Revenue 2128.7 1582.4 833.7 285.5 Gross Profit Margin 59.00 57.08 54.91 60.14 51.19 3 Long Term Solvency Ratios a Total Debt 1912.2 2301.3 406.6 120.1 Equity 1075.5 917.4 706.1 315.9 Total Debt to Equity 177.80 250.85 57.58 38.02 92.53 b Long Term Debt 1363.0 1858.9 34.9 72.4 Equity 1075.5 917.4 706.1 315.9 Long Term Debt to Equity 126.73 202.63 4.94 22.92 91.5 c Debt 1912.2 2301.3 406.6 120.1 Total Assets 2987.7 3218.7 1112.7 435.9 Debt Ratio 64.00 71.50 36.54 27.55 4 Market Strength Ratios a Earnings Per Share (cents) $ 55.1 $ 24.8 $ 20.6 $ 17 $ 35 Understanding Of Management And Governance The management plays the important role in the functioning of the company. Without proper management, the company will not be able to perform and achieve its objectives. Under this heading, the companys working and the functions of the management of the company and those charged with governance will be discussed. Integrity and Ethical Values As per the report of the chairman of the company embedded in the annual report of the company, the company has established the objectives and the strategies which led company to have the effectiveness in the operations of the company along with the good administration across all level of the company. Secondly the management of the company wherever required has been able to make the estimates and judgments and the assumptions which further led to ensure that the company has designed the accounting framework lawfully and efficiently (Claessens and Fan, 2012). Competence- Under the part of the Operational and financial review of the annual report of the company, it is mentioned that the company is continuously facing the severe competition from the market and the industry and in order to be more competitive, company have planned to make investment in acquiring the key skills and the talent which is required to perform the particular type of task. To make it the strategy, the company has included the retention incentive for the managers who will retain in job for consecutive period of five years and is the part of remuneration. Participation As per the annual report for the year ending 2016, the company has nine directors and each of them has the requisite experience and skills. All the directors of the company are totally independent and is not related in any manner with each other. Each of the directors has requisite experience. For instance, ID Blackburn has been appointed in the year or 2010 and has been the managing director of Caltex Australia Limited, Teekay Corporation, Recall Holdings and Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization. Currently he is acting as the member of each board committee and is also non executive chairman. Managements Style and Philosophy DCP bank is the chairperson of audit and risk committee of the company and also is the director of the company. The company has mentioned in the annual report of the company the areas where the risks have been identified and for which the management of the company is required to identify the risks concerned and manage it accordingly. The approach that has been adopted by the company is to assess the risk on regular basis then monitoring the same and reporting it to the management of the company so as to increase the progress of the company and delivering the strategic opportunities. Structure of the organization- The Company has established the well defined structure within the organization. There is no chance of having any irregularity in the functioning of the company. It is because the company has followed all the provisions of corporations act 2001 and the listing guidelines and has accordingly formulated the various committees like remuneration, audit and risk, shareholders grievance and etc. Secondly the company has mentioned all the accounting policies and procedures which h further states that the structure of accounting function is also very well defined (Shleifer and Vishny, 2011). Authority and Responsibility The authority and the responsibility of various works are made through the passing of the resolution at the meeting of the company. It may be monthly board meeting or the annual general meeting depending upon the facts and circumstances of the matter under discussion. Secondly, authority responsibility and reporting are well established through the employment contract entered into with the employee at the time of recruiting. It describes the roles and responsibilities and other activities required under the job. Human Resource The Company has the policy of recruiting the employees by way of posting the vacancy at the website of the company or by posting the vacancy in the daily newspaper of the company. The recruitment is done after having the screenings and the interviews and the verification checks. References Company Official Website, (2015), Annual Report 2015, available at https://www.aristocrat.com/au accessed on 18/09/2017. Company Official Website, (2016), Annual Report 2016, available at https://www.aristocrat.com/au accessed on 14/09/2017. Company Official Website, (2014), Annual Report 2014, available at https://www.aristocrat.com/au accessed on 14/09/2017. Claessens, S. and Fan, J.P., (2012).Corporate governance in Asia: A survey.International Review of finance,3(2), pp.71-103. Delen, D., (2013), Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), pp.3970-3983. PCAOB, (2017), Analytical Procedures available at https://pcaobus.org/Standards/Archived/Pages/AU329A.aspx accessed on 17/09/2017. Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R.W., (2011), A survey of corporate governance.The journal of finance,52(2), pp.737-783.

Biopsychology Essay Essays - Nervous System, Perception,

Biopsychology Essay Juliet M. Kyeva University of Roehampton Introduction The human senses are continuously receiving information that needs to be attended to, processed and then perceived. Through attention and perception, we can make sense of the world around us. Each person has their capacity for attention and level of perception depending on their physiological makeup . The human visual system is an integral part of the central nervous system. The visual system enables us to process visual sensory receptors (stimuli) and to form a representation (visual perception) of the stimulus needed for decision making. Without visual perception, a person is said to be blind. Visual System Anatomy The Anatomy The eye is physically made up of the cornea, the lens , the pupil, the iris and the retina working together as a team for the proper functioning of the eye. The cornea is the protective outer layer of the eye which allows light to pass through. The lens' function is to focus light to the back of the retina. For the purpose of focusing, the lens chang es its shape producing clear images of what the eye sees. The retina is that part of the eye that is sensitive to light. It lines the back of the eye and posses se s photoreceptor cells to detect color and light. The retina receives the light signals from the lens and then projects images from the light signals through the optic nerve. The lens of eye lies between the pupil and the iris. In the unfortunate case of the retina detaching itself from where it lies, this could potentially lead to blindness . The eye's retina senses visual information . The retina has two primary visual receptor cells. The first receptor cell is the codes (for color vision and sharpness of vision) situated in the center of the retina. The second receptor cell is the rods (specialized for vision in dim light and movement detection) loc ated in the outer parts of the retina. Light signals pass through the cornea to the iris. The Iris has the pupil which regulates the amount of light passing through the eye. A lens focuses this light to the back of the eye. (Eysenck Keane 2010 pg 36 ). Physiology T he retina's c ells are sensitive to light. These cells trigger nerve signals impulses which then travel along the optic nerve through ganglion cells' axons to signal the brain. Visual stimuli use two different paths. Light received through the right hemifield is directed to the left retina sending signals to the left lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) while light received through the left hemifield is directed to the right retina sending message s to the right lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) . Each eye has an optic nerve, so both nerves meet at the optic chiasma. From here, the signals continue traveling along the right and left optical tracts inside the brain to the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The final destination for these signals is the primary and secondary visual cortex where further visual processing takes place. The visual cortex occupies about twenty percent of the entire cortex. (Eysenck Keane 2010 pg 37). Different parts of the brain process different visual stimuli, for example, color, movement, facial recognition, depth, object recognition , etc. Brain damage affecting a particular region can cause visual disorders. For example, a patient diagnosed with prosopagnosia loses the ability to recognize faces , but they will still be able to identify objects. (Rensink, R.A. 2013) Function of vision Neurological studies and research have helped us to see how the eye is a vital physiological component in Information process. The retina and the prima ry visual cortex act as filters, choosing the most relevant stimuli that will be attended to, processed and later perceived. Output data passes through the retina to the next higher levels of Information processing of more complex stimuli such as human faces. ( Rensink, R.A. 2013) The nervous system and how it relates to B iopsychology Biopsychology is a branch of psychology where that studies the nervous system (the brain and neurotransmitters) as pertains to the mind and thoughts, feelings behavior. The nervous system coordinates out actions and transmits

Free Essays on History Of Bowling

Bowling can date its origins to over 5,000 years ago, in Egypt, around the year 3200 BC. British anthropologist Sir Flinders Petrie found a collection of objects in a child’s grave that could have been used for a crude form of bowling. The first written mention of bowling was in the year 1366 when King Edward III of England outlawed the game for his troops in order to keep them focused. Throughout the world, in the early times of bowling, there were many different forms. There is an Italian version called bocce, the â€Å"flop† method from Edinburgh, and nine-pins in England. At first, bowling was strictly an outdoor sport, but in 1455, in London, England, the first indoor game was played. The first mention of American bowling came from Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle, when he awakens to the sound of â€Å"crashing nine-pins.† When bowling was brought to America by the first Dutch settlers, it underwent changes as it became popular. In America, a tenth pin was added when, in 1841, a Connecticut law made it illegal to maintain â€Å"any nine-pin lanes† because bowling was the object of much gambling. Different rules and regulations varied from region to region with bowling. That all changed when Joe Thum brought together the bowling representatives from the different regions to form the American Bowling Congress in 1895. After this meeting at Beethoven Hall, in New York, standardized rules would be established and national competitions would begin to be held. About this same time, bowling took another step. In 1905, the first rubber ball was introduced. It was called the â€Å"Evertrue.† Again, in 1914, the bowling ball became more advanced when Brunswick Corporation introduced the Mineralite ball. In 1951, bowling had a major break through which brought it into the modern era. Morehead Patterson of American Machine and Foundry Company purchased the patents to an automatic pinspotter. The first installation to... Free Essays on History Of Bowling Free Essays on History Of Bowling Bowling can date its origins to over 5,000 years ago, in Egypt, around the year 3200 BC. British anthropologist Sir Flinders Petrie found a collection of objects in a child’s grave that could have been used for a crude form of bowling. The first written mention of bowling was in the year 1366 when King Edward III of England outlawed the game for his troops in order to keep them focused. Throughout the world, in the early times of bowling, there were many different forms. There is an Italian version called bocce, the â€Å"flop† method from Edinburgh, and nine-pins in England. At first, bowling was strictly an outdoor sport, but in 1455, in London, England, the first indoor game was played. The first mention of American bowling came from Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle, when he awakens to the sound of â€Å"crashing nine-pins.† When bowling was brought to America by the first Dutch settlers, it underwent changes as it became popular. In America, a tenth pin was added when, in 1841, a Connecticut law made it illegal to maintain â€Å"any nine-pin lanes† because bowling was the object of much gambling. Different rules and regulations varied from region to region with bowling. That all changed when Joe Thum brought together the bowling representatives from the different regions to form the American Bowling Congress in 1895. After this meeting at Beethoven Hall, in New York, standardized rules would be established and national competitions would begin to be held. About this same time, bowling took another step. In 1905, the first rubber ball was introduced. It was called the â€Å"Evertrue.† Again, in 1914, the bowling ball became more advanced when Brunswick Corporation introduced the Mineralite ball. In 1951, bowling had a major break through which brought it into the modern era. Morehead Patterson of American Machine and Foundry Company purchased the patents to an automatic pinspotter. The first installation to...

Delegation in Nursing Care Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Delegation in Nursing Care - Assignment Example As the discussion outlines, based on the scenario presented in the case, it would be prudent for Rose to begin by attending to the most pressing issues. The most pressing issue, according to the case, that Rose should attend to first is Mr. R. in Room 228 whose pain medication is already late. This is because Mr. R. is feeling a lot of pain and his health might deteriorate if not attended to immediately. Therefore, it would be very critical for Rose to leave everything she intended to do to ensure that Mr. R. receives the necessary attention to save him from his immense pain.  If the reporter were the charge nurse, the following is how I would have done the patient assignment at the beginning of the shift: Firstly, the reporter would have ensured that all the patients in need of urgent care are attended to first. For instance, it emerged that Mr. R is complaining that his pain medication is late. Therefore, to avoid such situations, I would have ensured that all patients in dire ne ed of care are attended to first. This will be followed by ensuring that all the delegable tasks are assigned to different nurse assistants to ensure that all patients are attended to on time. Delegation would ensure that I only handle tasks, which are not delegable, such as those involving patient assessment, evaluation and judgment. From the list provided, there are a number of tasks which Rose cannot delegate. Firstly, Rose cannot delegate activity. This is because activity involves an assessment of the patient. Assessment activities must be done by a registered professional nurse, thus cannot be delegated. Secondly, Rose cannot delegate activity two since the activity involves the admission of medications, which must be administered by a registered professional nurse.  

The marketing department in luxury fashion industry (fashion subject) Coursework

The marketing department in luxury fashion industry (fashion subject) - Coursework Example The media plays a significant role in educating citizens on the luxury items in the industry. Globalization plays a big role in promoting luxury brands in the global platform. The marketing of luxury brands relies a great deal on marketing mix. Marketing luxury fashion brands is one of the most challenging sectors (Kapferer & Bastien 2009). The product, placement, promotion, and the price are one of the important factors in determining marketing of luxury brands. The knowledge of fashion and trends is important to individuals who want to work in a marketing department of a luxury brand. It is a crucial tool for the individual and the organization selling the luxury brands. An individual who wants to work for a corporation selling luxury products in the marketing department must be passionate. Good listening is one of the factors that marketing departments. It creates good customer awareness in the organization dealing with luxury products. Creativity and imagination is significant for individuals working in the marketing department of fashion products. People at this position should have good communication skills to assess what the customer wants. Pricing plays an important part in marketing of luxury brands in the world. Prices affect the way individuals perceive a product depending on the rates. Consumers relate luxury products with their price range. The prices of luxury products have to be set right because it will meet the customer expectations. Prices are marketing decisions to other factors in the fashion industry. The prices create the image that the luxury brand wants to reflect in the mind of the consumer (Sum, Kim, & Kim 2013). The elements used to make the product attractive to the consumer are the essential aspect of the fashion industry. The design, packaging, branding, and its value enable categorization of the product. The named factors are significant in the marketing

Tax Exemption of Athletic Associations and Universities

Tax Exemption of Athletic Associations and Universities Should Professional Athletic Associations and Private Universities be Tax-Exempt? Introduction/Historical Background In the United States, the origins of the tax-exempt sector long predate the republic (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 125.) Without an established framework of government, the early colonist formed many charitable and other voluntary organizations to confront a variety of issues (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 125.) Now, almost three centuries after the formulation of the republic, the tax-exempt sector still plays a major role within public administration, especially in the fulfillment of public services. However, in regards to some organizations within the tax-exempt sector, it is becoming seemingly more difficult to understand what public purpose it serves. While many nonprofit organizations are performing acts that are beneficial to the general public, others are not. According to Edward T. Pound, a U.S. News reporter, the PGA Tour Inc. grosses nearly $180 million a year from their sponsorship of the mens pro golf tour (Pound.) Yet, due to the PGA Tour Inc.s nonprofit status, the corporation does not pay any federal tax on tour operations (Pound.) The National Center for Charitable Statistics reports that there is nearly 1.5 million nonprofit organizations registered within the United States as of 2013(nccs.urban.org.) The rapid growth within the nonprofit sector does not come without its consequences. The Internal Revenue Service has conducted numerous investigations on groups like the National Football League and Childrens Television Workshop for violations such as, excessive com pensation of Congressmen (Pound.) Actions like these are leading many to question why some organizations are considered for considered to be a tax-exempt organization. By examining the nonprofit sector from a historical perspective and possessing a basic understanding of 501 (c) organizations, one can better determine for oneself whether or not certain organizations should be tax-exempt. For one to truly understand todays current nonprofit sector, it is important to know a brief history of the role of the tax-exempt sector within American history. First, there are two main types of voluntary organizations: public serving and member serving. While these two voluntary organizations found great success in early colonial settlements, with hospitals and education, the tax code for these voluntary organizations was not developed until 1894. Furthermore, before the 1950s, tax-exempt organizations could earn tax-free income from both mission-related activities and commercial business activitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 127.) It was not until the Revenue Act of 1954 that the modern tax code for voluntary organizations was established, including section 501(c) for tax exempt organizations (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 127.) In order for an organization to qualify for tax-exempt status, the organization must display that its purpose serves the public good as opposed to private interest (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 129.) Figures show that between the 1985 and 2004 Tax Years, the private foundation segment of the tax-exempt sector experienced significant growth (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 131.) From 1985 to 2004, the number of 501(c) 3 public charities in the United States nearly tripled (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 130.) Now, even today, the tax-exempt sector continues to grow in size and activities, while new tax-exempt organizations continue to emerge (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 135.) Argument Against Tax-Exemption for Athletic Associations and some Universities The tax-exempt sector has drastically changed throughout the past three decades. The rapid increase in number of tax-exempt organizations, along with an evolving tax code, has caused for a lack in governmental transparency in regards to organizations. For example, the National Football League grosses over $9.5 billion dollars per year, but was exempt from federal taxes until 2015 when the NFL voluntarily gave away its tax-exempt status (Isidore 2015). During its time as a nonprofit, the NFL earned more than the Y, the Red Cross, the Salvation Army or Catholic Charities- yet it was able to stand as one of the greatest profit-generatingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦media enterprises ever created (Watson.) In a survey conducted by Fairleigh Dickinson University, only 13 percent of people could identify the NFL as a nonprofit (Jenkins.) While the NFL has since forfeited its tax-exempt status, there are other athletic organization who is nonprofit status is still under question. Other athletic groups li ke the National Hockey League, National College Athletic Association, Professional Golfers Association Tour, and the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association are also under fire. Senator Tom Coburn is calling for legislation that would eliminate any athletic league that grosses more than $10 million to no longer be tax-exempt under 501(c) 6. The Senator wrote, Americans are paying artificially high rates in order to subsidize special breaks for sports leagues (Coburn.) While the NFL has now voluntarily forfeited its tax-exemption, it is still important to question why the organization was ever tax-exempt to begin with and apply the same thoughts to other groups that are still tax-exempt. Tax-exemption for multi-million dollar athletic association seems obscene, especially with some groups approach towards social issues. Before voluntarily giving up their tax-exempt status, U.S. Sen. Maria Cantwell proposed legislation calling to revoke the NFLs nonprofit status after the leagues failure to properly address issues of domestic violenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and the response to the Washington teams refusal to change its nickname (Mandell, Scott.) Cantwell stated, American taxpayers should not be forced to subsidize a $9 billion league that promotes a dictionary-defined racial slur (Mandell, Scott.) Many wonder how these athletic associations even fit into the tax code to begin with. According to USA TODAY Sports Brent Schrotenboer, the NFL has been tax-exempt since the 1940s. In 1966, Congress amended the law to list professional football leagues as a 501 (c) 6 organization in exchange for monetary pledges and the promise to build a New Orleans franchise (Mandell, Scott). While the NFL is an easy organization to examine, the same thought can be applied to most other professional athletic associations that are also exempt from taxes. Yet, athletic associations are not the only group in question for its tax-exempt status. It has long been an understanding that educational institutions are exempt of federal income tax, but some are beginning to question if that should always be the case. In the summer of 2013, residents of Princeton came together to sue the prestigious university that resides in their town (Pierson, Riley). The town residents argued that the school, Princeton University, should no longer be entitled to its tax-exempt status due to its endowment, scientific patents, events, and more (Pierson, Riley). The Ivy League school is operating like a business, the plaintiffs say, so the tax code should treat it like one (Pierson, Riley). The lawsuit claims that in 2011, the university took in over $115 million from scientific patents, which it then put $35 million in the hands of varying faculty members. The residents lawyer said, People in Princeton pay at least one-third more in taxes because the universit y has been exempt all these years (Pierson, Riley). Princeton is not the only university experiencing backlash from its local community. The mayor of Providence, Rhode Island, home to Brown University, also wants to increase the universitys tax payments. At a press conference, Mayor Angel Tarveras said, It takes the revenue collected from 19,00 taxpayers to account for the $38 million in property taxes not paid by Brown University (Pierson, Riley.) Yet, as communities continue to struggle to fund public services, some find it difficult to understand why well-off schools and universities are tax-exempt. In 2004 alone, educational institutions held six of the top ten positions for public charities within the United States (Arnsberger, Ludlum, Riley 131.) Yet, many of these well-off educational institutions do little to financially support the local community, even though the schools benefit from many of its local public services (Pierson, Riley.) Some universities like John Hopkins, Yale, and Duke have worked out pilot deals in lieu of paying taxes (Pierson, Riley.) But even these donations fall well below what the school would owe in taxes (Pierson, Riley.) Counter Argument for Athletic Assoc. and Universities and their Tax-Exemption According to Judith Long, professor of sports management at the University of Michigan, the tax-exempt status of athletic associations is irrelevant (Long 2014). The government does not stand to gain significant financial revenue by revoking the tax-exempt status of athletic associations. Much of the furor in the current debate over the nonprofit status of professional sports is driven by misplaced perceptions that the revenues earned by these organizations are not taxed (Long 2014). The large salaries of associate executives are still taxed later through individual taxes, as well as many of the major league teams who are apart of the association (Long 2014). In addition, Long notes that, many nonprofit sports leagues and associations operate either at a deficit or just about break-even, leaving little or no income tax(2014). Thus, revoking the tax-exempt status of professional athletic associations would not yield as much revenue as one would think. Focusing on the tax-exempt status of professional athletic associations masks many of the real burdens these groups place on the American taxpayer. For example, we continue to permit the use of federal tax-exempt bonds to fund new stadiums and arenas, and cities across America routinely grant relief from property taxes for pro-facilities (Long 2014). Where the revenue the government stands to gain from revoking the tax-exempt status of professional associations stands to be around $110 million within the first decade, these grants relief from property taxes has cost to be in the billions over the last decade (Long 2014). Therefore, the tax-exempt status of professional athletic associations is not the biggest way in which the government is losing revenue from these groups. Evaluating the tax-exempt status of private universities is different than examining that of professional athletic associations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Colleges and universities provide value to students and society. We generate direct economic activity from capital investments, ongoing operations, and student and visitor spending. We provide cultural opportunities to residents and support community initiatives and volunteer work (Kaplan 2015). While universities may not pay property taxes, some of them participate in payment in lieu of taxes (PILOT) programs (Kaplan 2015). According to a study conducted by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy in 2011, the PILOTs collectively across the United States were worth over $92 million with most of the money coming from colleges and universities (Kaplan 2015). While universities may not be paying property tax, they are a mission-based organization thats purpose is to provide a great benefit to society. Critique of Both Arguments Like any good topic, theres always two ways to sides to the argument. Here, one is presented with the issue of whether or not professional athletic associations and private universities should be receiving tax-exempt status. To me, comparing the tax-exempt status of professional athletic associations to private universities is like comparing apples to oranges. I believe the argument for keeping private universities is far superior to counter argument. While private universities like Brown and Princeton have significant funds and endowments that could be taxed to benefit the local community, universities provide so much value to a city. For example, communities benefit, some more than others, in tourism revenue just by default of having a college in their town. In addition, like previously said in the counter argument, universities benefit the community through volunteerism and threw many on-campus organizations. In addition, I believe that higher education being tax-exempt allows the government to take an important stance. The cost of education is too for most students and families, making many students take out loans just to pay for school. By having education be tax-exempt, I believe that the government is sending a message that education provides a great service and benefit to us all. While I believe in private educations tax-exempt status and the message it sends, I do not believe that professional athletic associations like the NHL and PGA should be tax-exempt. While a strong counter can be found as the why the tax-exempt status of these organizations is irrelevant, I still feel that it sends the wrong message and is unfair to the American taxpayer. The PGA grosses nearly $180 million a year in sponsorship, yet they are tax-exempt (Pound). To me, that is almost immoral of the government to do. Non-profits are meant to be mission-serving organizations that provide a beneficial service to their community; however, I see no benefit to the community by these organizations tax-exempt status. With the national debt continuing to rise, one would think the government would be taking any rightful cent they could get. Athletic leagues and some universities are just two examples of nonprofits that can be seen as questionable by the American people. In addition, I think it is important for the government to be transparent and really take into consideration the mission of the organization before verifying a group as tax-exempt. Keeping valuable tax dollars from the government and the American people is unfair, especially when it comes to athletic organizations that earn billions of dollars a year. With people struggling to simply pay for daily necessities, it is time for the government to reevaluate the current tax codes, and allow for more government transparency Conclusion To conclude, after presenting a basic history of nonprofit organizations and its tax codes, one can better determine whether or not specific groups should be considered a tax-exempt organization in todays society. As history has progressed, it is becoming seemingly more difficult to see what public purpose certain groups are serving. The NHL and the PGA Tour Inc., for example, are making millions of dollars a year, yet they pay no federal income tax on its revenue. Congressmen see the fault in the tax-exempt status of these athletic organizations, but no progress is being made. Moreover, this shows a lack of transparency within in government, with a study finding of nearly 87% people being unaware of the NFLs tax-exempt status. Yet, athletic organizations are not the only group being scrutinized for its nonprofit status. Educational institutions are beginning to feel the backlash as well. Schools such as Princeton and Brown are coming under pressure by their communities to pay proper ty tax. The reason they dont dates back to 1917 whenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ educational institutionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦operated on a far more modest scale (Piereson and Riley.) Sometimes, it is difficult to see the public purpose of certain organizations within the tax-exempt sector. While there are countless nonprofits performing beneficial public services, others can be harder to justify. In the future, I believe the government should not be allowing professional athletic associations to be tax-exempt. While the potential revenue increase is modest, it is still helping taxpayers. However, when it comes to the tax exemption of private universities, I am neutral or even in support of their status. Educational institutions bring great value to community, and I believe they provide a great service to the American people. Non-profits provide a great service to our country and in aiding public administrators. Thus, we should not take the status of the tax-exempt sector lightly. Works Cited US Nonprofit Sector. National Center for Charitable Statistics/US Nonprofit Sector. Arnsberger, P., Ludlum, M., Riley, M., and Stranton, M. A History of the Tax-Exempt Sector: An SOI Perspective The Nature of the Nonprofit Sector. Ed. J. Steven Ott and Lisa A. Dicke. 125-135. Coburn, T. The NFL Doesnt Need Tax-Exempt Status. US News. U.S. News World Report, 30 Nov. 2013. Hopkins, B., Gross, V. The Legal Framework of the Nonprofit Sector in the United States The Jossey-Bass Handbook of Nonprofit Leadership and Management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 43-52. Isidore, C. NFL gives up tax exempt status. CNN Money. 28 April 2015 Jenkins, K. Your Tax Dollars into NFL Owners Pockets? PublicMind Polling, Market Analysis. Fairleigh Dickinson University, 24 Jan. 2014 Kaplan, S. Losing tax exemptions would chill higher ed. The University Business. 23 September 2013. Long, J.   Ending Sports Leagues Tax-Exempt Status Might Not Bring In More Money. New York Times. 3 September 2014. Mandell, N. and Scott, N. Why the NFL Probably Wont Lose Its Tax-Exempt Status. USA Today. USA Today, 23 Sept. 2014 Piereson, J. and Riley, NS.,Why Shouldnt Princeton Pay Taxes? WSJ. Wall Street Journal, 19 Aug. 2013 Pound, ET., and Cohen, G. Tax Exempt! (Cover Story).U.S. News World Report 119.13 (1995): 36. Academic Search Premier. Watson, T. The Real Super Bowl Question: Should the NFL be a Nonprofit? Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 30 Jan.2014

The Con Man, by Ken Mitchell :: essays papers

The Con Man, by Ken Mitchell The novel, The Con Man, by Ken Mitchell is a very humorous novel. In the novel, Ken uses humour to get a point across at many different times. In the Concise Oxford Dictionary humour is defined as: the condition of being amusing or comic. Well some parts of the novel are very amusing and comic. One funny part in the book is when the kids at the beginning ask Gilly if he is native or black. At that part Ken was getting across what Gilly was. That is just one example in the novel, there are others also. Humour can be used to get points across in the real world, and it is also used to get points across in the novel. One humorous part in the novel that gets a point across is in chapter two when they are all travelling. They have to stop and when they do some local town kids bug Gilly. They throw stuff at him and tie him to a tree. They ask him if he is a native, and he denies. They ask if he is a black, and he denies. They just make fun of him, until he gets rescued. Eventually we learn that Gilly is neither native, or black, or white, he is a halfbreed. This funny part in the novel gets the point across of what Gilly really is. Without this one part in the novel we would not know what Gilly is. We would probably just assume that he is white. Ken probably puts this in the novel because he had a troubled childhood and he just had to let off some steam. When he was a kid all the other kids probably bugged him. Maybe he was a halfbreed and the other kids bugged him about being native or black. Ken is just showing how mean kids can be, and he feels that kids should be nicer to each other. Then the world would be a much happier place. A second funny part in the story is when Gilly is getting tail and the cops come and knock on the door. Ken Mitchell does this because he is a pervert. You can tell that Ken is a big pervert because all throughout the story he has a bunch of sick parts like this. Ken probably did not have a wife or a girlfriend,.

Governments Should Not Negotiate With Terrorists Essay

Would you give a thief $100,000 to get your stolen purse back? If you were to give a thief $100,000, you would make him think that he can make a profit out of stealing purses. The thief would also use the $100,000 to buy a gun or other weapons or vehicles that would help him steal future purses. Now think about the thief as a terrorist and you as a government. Should governments negotiate with terrorists? Terrorism activities have increased these past few years due to faulty decisions made by governments when dealing with terrorists. Many have made the mistake of compromising with terrorists, which makes them appear weak and targetable, which only sponsors future terrorist acts. The outcomes of past government agreements with terrorists have only worsened and perpetuated this situation. The paying of millions of dollars as ransom to terrorist kidnappers and hostage/takers has also fueled future terrorist attacks and has only made terrorism profitable, making it more attractive to terrorists. Governments legitimize terrorism by compromising; therefore governments should not negotiate with terrorists, rather marginalize and weaken their organizations by refusing them any concessions and targeting individuals within their groups. The reasoning behind terrorism is that violence can be used to attract the attention of governments and the general public, who as a result, succumb to the terrorist’s ideas and/or desires. Unfortunately, this terrorist tactic is sometimes effective, like in the 2004 Madrid Bombings. On March 11, ETA, a terrorist organization, bombed four commuter trains in Madrid. Their objective was to cause a political change in Spain; the elections were that same weekend. Before the bombings, the People’s Party was the voter’s favorite, but ETA’s terrorist attack caused a drastic change in the ballot and the Socialist Party won. After winning the election, the Socialist Party decided to remove the Spanish troops in Iraq, which is what ETA wanted. Because of this turn of events, Downing says: â€Å"†¦the terrorists would be able to claim that their bombings had influenced both a European election and the situation in Iraq. † (Downing 38-39) Since the people and the government reacted to the attack the way ETA wanted it too, the terrorists could have considered the attack successful, and as a consequence may attack again. The message the government sent ETA is that if they want a change, they should just use violence to obtain it. Governments must be careful with terrorist’s interest and their own interests when making controversial decisions, especially those made shortly after terrorist attacks, like the bombings in Madrid. In that case, the decision was whether or not to remove Spanish troops from Iraq. ETA wanted them removed, and the Socialist Party decided to remove them because of the pressure they were put under. Removing the troops was a mistake because it just pleased the terrorists; it made the terrorists feel they can manipulate the government through pressure induced by brutality. Governments should always include terrorist interests in important decision-making, but not to make the decision in the terrorist’s favor, rather to make the decision in a way that terrorists are not satisfied by it and cannot take any credit from it. Governments must show that they are strong, and that they are not and will not be influenced by terrorism. (Downing 38-39) Governments make themselves appear weak by succumbing to pressure, and sometimes the pressure does not even come from the terrorists in the situation, but from other governments, leaders or groups. Even if they might want to interfere for the most pacific reasons, peace negotiations with terrorists do not have the best outcomes. First of all, they are terrorists; therefore, their favorite and only way of attempting to achieve their goals is through violence. This means that if they do not receive what they desire through force, they believe they cannot get it through peace either. Secondly, terrorists are unpredictable; they cannot be trusted. Thirdly, most terrorists do not back down, especially jihadists, because they are willing to lose their life for what they believe in. Lastly, if a government makes peace with terrorists, and the terrorists do not keep their end of the deal, then the government will appear weak and defeated, while the terrorist will appear victorious. These are the reasons for which governments should not attempt to make peace with terrorists. They should try to end terrorism instead of making a truce with it. A perfect example of why governments should not seek peace from terrorists is an incident the U. S. government had in Fallujah. U. S. Marines attempted to compromise with jihadists in Fallujah after being pressured by European officials and human rights groups. The U. S. Secretary of State, Colin Powell, said they wanted peace instead of war in Fallujah, but the jihadists misunderstood and considered the compromise a victory over the Americans. (Rubin 19-20) As a result, the misunderstanding led to 30 car bombings. Not only did the U. S. appear weak because of this failed compromise; it also encouraged the jihadists to carry on with their terrorist acts because the jihadists believed they defeated them, and that they were capable of defeating them again. Truces with terrorists are very tricky and unpredictable, and should always be avoided because an unfavorable outcome can be catastrophic and can lead to more violence. Just as truces with terrorists can be very tricky, negotiating with terrorist kidnappers and hostage-takers can be very tricky as well. Recently terrorists use these tactics to create an audience full of suspense. These tactics now create more attention than massacres and bombings because people are getting more accustomed to them as they happen. (Rubin 22) Kidnappings/hostage takings are becoming more and more popular and sadly, governments have been making it even more popular by making it profitable. They make it profitable by negotiating and paying ransoms to terrorists because negotiating with kidnappers legitimizes their act and as a result further proliferates terrorism. It has spread terrorism because the terrorists have learned that kidnapping/hostage-taking has become very profitable. (Rubin 23) In March 2000, Muammar al-Qadhafi, a Libyan leader, paid Abu Sayyaf, a hostage-taker based in the Philippines, a $25 million ransom for the release of priests, teachers, and children he had kidnaped from a school. (Rubin 23) After receiving the money, Abu Sayyaf expanded his terrorist group from a couple hundred to more than a thousand members and bought speedboats and weapons, which were used for other kidnappings. By paying the terrorist such a large ransom to keep the captives from getting harmed, Muammar al-Qadhafi funded future kidnappings, putting more people in danger. The paying of the ransom also made kidnapping productive for Sayyaf, because they technically rewarded him for terrorism, encouraging him to carry out more terrorist acts because he will get money or other concession out of them. The same case occurred in Sahel. The â€Å"Bin Laden of the Desert†, Ammari Saifi, took 32 European vacationers in the Algerian desert, and held them hostage for 177 days. The German government paid a five million euro ransom and they were released, but Ammari Saifi used the money to buy weapons and vehicles. (Rubin 24) The German government funded future kidnappings similar to how the Libyan leader did. It is a pattern: terrorists kidnap citizens; they ask for reward in return for the hostages; and then they use the ransom they get paid to repeat this cycle more effectively (with new and more members, weapons and vehicles). Governments should not keep rewarding terrorists with million dollar ransoms because all they have been doing is perpetuating the cycle instead of ending it. Governments should use force to recover captives and avoid rewarding terrorists with ransoms. It is an actual U. S. government policy â€Å"to deny hostage takers the benefit of ransom, prisoner releases, policy changes, or other acts of concession. † (â€Å"Counter-Terrorism: History, Strategy and Tactics† Web) Western governments should also respond to kidnapping by thinking about the safety of the majority of their citizens instead of an individual. Even though it could end in injury or death of the captive, in the long term it prevents further kidnappings. (Rubin, 24) So governments should try their best to recover captives, but without the use of ransoms because in the long run, a short tragedy is better than the endangerment a larger amount of citizens. Governments should not appease with terrorists, they should use intelligence to take them down instead. â€Å"In a war between networks, the side with superior intelligence wins. † (Garreau 60) The more information and technology is obtained, the better the chances of defeating the terrorists are because more effective strategies can be put into action. Governments should use this knowledge to find the leader and how to target them. The leader of the group is key because the disruption or terrorist leaderships weaken terrorist organization and causes them to struggle and expose themselves. (Rubin, 27) This has been happening with Osama bin Laden and his terrorist organization: â€Å"The loss of bin Laden and these other key operatives puts the network on a path of decline that will be difficult to reverse. † (â€Å"Country Reports on Terrorism 2011† Web) Be careful with this strategy: â€Å"Better the devil you know. Like [Libyan dictator][Moammar] Gaddafi, keep him alive, because you know him. Who knows what sort of clever mastermind might replace him. † (Garreau 60) Past concessions to terrorists have proven that government negotiations with them make terrorism productive; therefore governments should marginalize, isolate or eliminate the threat. Doing so would make terrorist acts unprofitable for those who carry them out. In order to avoid the further proliferation of terrorism, governments must take a firm stand against these foes and send a message of zero tolerance against terrorist acts. ? Works Cited â€Å"Chapter 1. Strategic Assessment. † U. S. Department of State. U. S. Department of State, 31 July 2012. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. . â€Å"Counter-Terrorism: History, Strategy and Tactics. † Counter-Terrorism: History, Strategy and Tactics. Web. 31 Jan. 2013. . Downing, David. â€Å"Madrid Bombings. † The War on Terror. Mankato: Arcturus Publishing, 2008. 38-39. Print. Garreau, Joel. â€Å"Intelligence Gathering Is the Best Way to Reduce Terrorism. † At Issue. Are Efforts to Reduce Terrorism Succesful? Ed. Lauri S. Friedman. Farmington Hills: Greenhaven Press, 2005. 57-63. Rubin, Michael and Suzanne Gershowitz. â€Å"Governments Should Never Negotiate with Terrorists. † At Issue. Should Governments Negotiate with Terrorists? Ed. Amanda Hiber. Farmington Hills: Greenhaven Press, 2008. 15-29.

Informative Speech Effects Of Smoking - 816 Words

Kevon Jones Professor Stennett SPC 2608 B02 17 July 2017 Informative Speech Title: Effects of Smoking Speaker: Kevon Jones, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University student Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience to avoid smoking Thesis Statement: Smoking has many dangerous effects on a smoker s health and the health of those around them; it harms every organ in the body and leads to premature death. Introduction I. Attention getter: According to Tobacco-Free Kids, â€Å"about 400,000 people die from their own smoking each year, and about 50,000 die from second-hand smoke annually. Smoking kills more people than AIDS, alcohol, car accidents, illegal drugs, murders and†¦show more content†¦Additionally, nicotine tightens the blood vessels which slows down blood flow. The health effects of smoking are frightfully damaging and in many cases, deadly. The chemicals in tobacco smoke are breathed in into the lungs and then travel throughout the body. (Internal Summary/Transition: Moreover, smoking is not only bad for your health, but also the health of the people around you.) II. Main Idea 2 A. You do not have to be an active smoker to experience the harmful effects of smoke. Breathing in the smoke of active smokers is enough to cause you serious health issues. Non-smokers who breathe in secondhand smoke take in nicotine and other toxic chemicals causing them serious health issues. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke damages their organs, mainly the lungs and brain. B. According to the book Health Psychology by Naima Khatoon, Short term exposure to tobacco smoke also has a measurable effect on the heart in non-smokers. Just 30 minutes exposure is enough to reduce coronary blood flow.† (Internal Summary/Transition: Smoking can not only ruin your health, but also cause economic destruction. We will examine the impact of smoking on the economy.) III. Main Idea 3 A. 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